Primary source register (S01 to S49)

All review dates: 2026-09-12. A review date is not a source publication date. Sources were used for the scoped graph expansion, not to revalidate the entire original corpus. URLs are references to live documents, not archived snapshots.

S01 Creating helpful, reliable, people first content§

• Publisher: Google
• URL: https://developers.google.com/search/docs/fundamentals/creating-helpful-content
• Supports: E-E-A-T and authorship guidance; not a specific standalone ranking factor.
• Does not establish: Does not specify an E-E-A-T graph, public numeric score, or guaranteed outcomes.

S02 Organization structured data§

• Publisher: Google
• URL: https://developers.google.com/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/organization
• Supports: Published organization identification and supported structured data properties.
• Does not establish: Does not establish facts about Joseph or require every domain to be a separate business.

S03 ProfilePage structured data§

• Publisher: Google
• URL: https://developers.google.com/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/profile-page
• Supports: Profile pages focused on one affiliated Person or Organization and their eligible markup.
• Does not establish: Does not guarantee a knowledge panel or authorize invented biographies.

S04 sameAs§

• Publisher: Schema.org
• URL: https://schema.org/sameAs
• Supports: A reference URL that unambiguously identifies the same item.
• Does not establish: Does not mean related topic, common ownership, endorsement, or automatic provider recognition.

S05 Person§

• Publisher: Schema.org
• URL: https://schema.org/Person
• Supports: Vocabulary for people and documented person properties.
• Does not establish: Vocabulary availability does not verify a credential or relationship.

S06 Brand§

• Publisher: Schema.org
• URL: https://schema.org/Brand
• Supports: A brand is representable separately from the organization, website, and person.
• Does not establish: Does not establish legal status or ownership.

S07 Service§

• Publisher: Schema.org
• URL: https://schema.org/Service
• Supports: Service, provider, and service area modeling vocabulary.
• Does not establish: Does not establish a physical branch or guarantee a rich result.

S08 General structured data guidelines§

• Publisher: Google
• URL: https://developers.google.com/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/sd-policies
• Supports: Visible content accuracy, policies, and feature eligibility.
• Does not establish: Valid JSON alone does not guarantee eligibility or display.

S09 A guide to Google Search ranking systems§

• Publisher: Google
• URL: https://developers.google.com/search/docs/appearance/ranking-systems-guide
• Supports: Link analysis and evolved PageRank are among documented ranking systems.
• Does not establish: Does not expose present proprietary weights or make a local centrality score a Google score.

S10 Knowledge Graph Search API§

• Publisher: Google
• URL: https://developers.google.com/knowledge-graph
• Supports: Read only entity search; individual matches rather than an interconnected graph; migration and critical dependency warnings.
• Does not establish: Not an ingestion API, full graph export, authority score, or recommended new production dependency.

S11 Introducing the Knowledge Graph: things, not strings§

• Publisher: Google
• URL: https://blog.google/products-and-platforms/products/search/introducing-knowledge-graph-things-not/
• Supports: Historical disclosure of an entity and relationship system.
• Does not establish: Historical counts and implementation details must not be presented as current.

S12 RDF 1.1 Concepts and Abstract Syntax§

• Publisher: W3C
• URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/
• Supports: Triples, directed labeled graphs, IRIs, and RDF datasets.
• Does not establish: This pinned specification is not a requirement imposed on ordinary SEO websites.

S13 JSON-LD 1.1§

• Publisher: W3C
• URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld11/
• Supports: JSON based Linked Data representation, identifiers, contexts, and graphs.
• Does not establish: Serialization does not establish truth or search engine ingestion.

S14 PROV-O: The PROV Ontology§

• Publisher: W3C
• URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/prov-o/
• Supports: Entities, activities, agents, and provenance relationships.
• Does not establish: Does not certify source independence or guarantee factual correctness.

S15 SKOS Simple Knowledge Organization System Reference§

• Publisher: W3C
• URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/skos-reference/
• Supports: Concept schemes, labels, broader/narrower and related concepts.
• Does not establish: A topic taxonomy is not a public Google topical authority score.

S16 Shapes Constraint Language (SHACL)§

• Publisher: W3C
• URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/shacl/
• Supports: Validation of data graphs against shapes and constraints.
• Does not establish: A conforming graph is not necessarily factually true.

S17 Consolidate duplicate URLs§

• Publisher: Google
• URL: https://developers.google.com/search/docs/crawling-indexing/consolidate-duplicate-urls
• Supports: Canonicalization of duplicate or similar documents and associated signals.
• Does not establish: Document equivalence is not identity equivalence between their publishers.

S18 Localized versions of your pages§

• Publisher: Google
• URL: https://developers.google.com/search/docs/specialty/international/localized-versions
• Supports: Language/region alternative page annotations.
• Does not establish: Does not require unrelated regional doorway pages or prove a business has offices there.

S19 Make your links crawlable§

• Publisher: Google
• URL: https://developers.google.com/search/docs/crawling-indexing/links-crawlable
• Supports: Discoverable links and useful anchor text.
• Does not establish: Does not prescribe an ideal universal link count or expose link weights.

S20 JavaScript SEO basics§

• Publisher: Google
• URL: https://developers.google.com/search/docs/crawling-indexing/javascript/javascript-seo-basics
• Supports: Crawling, rendering, links, content, and JavaScript delivery considerations.
• Does not establish: Does not make a successful browser run proof that an external engine indexed the page.

S21 Optimizing for generative AI features on Google Search§

• Publisher: Google
• URL: https://developers.google.com/search/docs/fundamentals/ai-optimization-guide
• Supports: SEO foundations, query fan out, no special AI schema/file requirement, and current reporting guidance.
• Does not establish: Does not mandate a public graph endpoint or disclose an exact query fan out for a particular result.

S22 AI Performance help§

• Publisher: Microsoft Bing
• URL: https://www.bing.com/webmasters/help/ai-performance-9f8e7d6c
• Supports: Documented grounding query and cited page observations with metric boundaries.
• Does not establish: Citations are not rankings, authority, traffic, or the complete universe of AI usage.

S23 Introducing AI Performance in Bing Webmaster Tools: Public Preview§

• Publisher: Microsoft Bing
• URL: https://blogs.bing.com/webmaster/February-2026/Introducing-AI-Performance-in-Bing-Webmaster-Tools-Public-Preview
• Supports: Dated February 2026 launch context for citation reporting.
• Does not establish: Launch documentation alone does not establish all later report fields.

S24 GraphRAG documentation§

• Publisher: Microsoft
• URL: https://microsoft.github.io/graphrag/
• Supports: Graph based organization and retrieval of a corpus with entity/community representations.
• Does not establish: Not proof that public search products use this implementation or that it beats every baseline.

S25 GraphRAG local search§

• Publisher: Microsoft
• URL: https://microsoft.github.io/graphrag/query/local_search/
• Supports: Retrieval combining graph linked entities with original text units.
• Does not establish: Generated extraction or summaries must not be treated as independently verified facts.

S26 Hierarchical Navigable Small World graphs§

• Publisher: Malkov and Yashunin
• URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1603.09320
• Supports: Primary research on graph based approximate nearest neighbor search.
• Does not establish: Vector proximity is not identity, entailment, citation support, or human authority.

S27 Overview of OpenAI crawlers§

• Publisher: OpenAI
• URL: https://developers.openai.com/api/docs/bots
• Supports: Separate search, training, and user directed access roles.
• Does not establish: Allowing a crawler does not guarantee citation or train an assistant on a private uploaded graph.

S28 LocalBusiness structured data§

• Publisher: Google
• URL: https://developers.google.com/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/local-business
• Supports: Feature specific business/location representations and requirements.
• Does not establish: A service area must not be used to invent a physical location; publication needs privacy review.

S29 Review snippet structured data§

• Publisher: Google
• URL: https://developers.google.com/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/review-snippet
• Supports: Review feature eligibility and self serving LocalBusiness/Organization review restrictions.
• Does not establish: Authentic testimonials do not automatically qualify for review stars.

S30 Product structured data§

• Publisher: Google
• URL: https://developers.google.com/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/product
• Supports: Product and offer information in supported search experiences.
• Does not establish: Does not imply all product information is current or validate feed/landing page agreement.

S31 Shopping Graph explained§

• Publisher: Google
• URL: https://blog.google/products-and-platforms/products/shopping/shopping-graph-explained/
• Supports: Documented shopping graph as a product and shopping information system.
• Does not establish: Not a graph publishers can directly overwrite; historical quantities are not current metrics.

S32 Event structured data§

• Publisher: Google
• URL: https://developers.google.com/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/event
• Supports: Event specific dates, locations, and feature modeling.
• Does not establish: Not every service, sale, or recurring business schedule is an eligible event.

S33 Google Images SEO best practices§

• Publisher: Google
• URL: https://developers.google.com/search/docs/appearance/google-images
• Supports: Image discovery, contextual information, and relevant metadata.
• Does not establish: Does not mandate the custom multimedia graph defined in this package.

S34 Video SEO best practices§

• Publisher: Google
• URL: https://developers.google.com/search/docs/appearance/video
• Supports: Video discovery and page/asset context.
• Does not establish: A transcript or graph record alone does not prove a video is eligible or indexed.

S35 The Open Graph protocol§

• Publisher: Open Graph protocol
• URL: https://ogp.me/
• Supports: Social preview metadata including title, type, image, and URL.
• Does not establish: Open Graph is not Google Knowledge Graph, an E-E-A-T score, or GraphRAG.

S36 Help: Sources§

• Publisher: Wikidata
• URL: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Help:Sources
• Supports: Source backed statements in Wikidata.
• Does not establish: Does not justify creating promotional identities or ignoring project inclusion policies.

S37 How it is built§

• Publisher: OpenAlex
• URL: https://help.openalex.org/data/how-its-built/
• Supports: Public scholarly data assembled from multiple sources.
• Does not establish: Dataset inclusion does not prove a person authored a work or that a claim is true.

S38 Economic Graph§

• Publisher: LinkedIn
• URL: https://economicgraph.linkedin.com/
• Supports: A documented professional/economic graph initiative.
• Does not establish: Not evidence that LinkedIn connections cause Google rankings or establish credentials.

S39 PageRank algorithm documentation§

• Publisher: NetworkX
• URL: https://networkx.org/documentation/stable/reference/algorithms/generated/networkx.algorithms.link_analysis.pagerank_alg.pagerank.html
• Supports: Computing PageRank on a graph supplied by the analyst.
• Does not establish: Not access to the Google ranking graph or proprietary PageRank values.

S40 Bipartite graphs§

• Publisher: NetworkX
• URL: https://networkx.org/documentation/stable/reference/algorithms/bipartite.html
• Supports: Two set graph modeling and graph operations.
• Does not establish: Does not make a query document projection a disclosed search engine system.

S41 Components§

• Publisher: NetworkX
• URL: https://networkx.org/documentation/stable/reference/algorithms/component.html
• Supports: Connected and strongly connected component algorithms.
• Does not establish: A cycle in ordinary site navigation is not inherently a defect.

S42 ODRL Information Model 2.2§

• Publisher: W3C
• URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/odrl-model/
• Supports: Permissions, prohibitions, and duties as a policy description.
• Does not establish: Descriptions do not enforce access or certify valid legal consent.

S43 Spam policies for Google web search§

• Publisher: Google
• URL: https://developers.google.com/search/docs/essentials/spam-policies
• Supports: Abuse boundaries including link spam and scaled content abuse.
• Does not establish: Does not authorize manipulation because it is expressed as graph construction.

S44 Helping you along your Search journeys§

• Publisher: Google
• URL: https://blog.google/products-and-platforms/products/search/helping-you-along-your-search-journeys/
• Supports: Historical disclosure of a Topic Layer associated with Knowledge Graph.
• Does not establish: Not evidence of current complete architecture, exact graph weights, or a publisher controlled feature.

S45 Knowledge Based Trust: Estimating the Trustworthiness of Web Sources§

• Publisher: Dong and colleagues
• URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1502.03519
• Supports: Historical primary research estimating source trustworthiness from extracted factual information while distinguishing extraction errors.
• Does not establish: Not proof of current Google deployment, a public SEO score, or equivalence with E-E-A-T.

S46 Knowledge Vault: A Web Scale Approach to Probabilistic Knowledge Fusion§

• Publisher: Google Research
• URL: https://research.google/pubs/knowledge-vault-a-web-scale-approach-to-probabilistic-knowledge-fusion/
• Supports: Historical primary research combining web extractions and prior knowledge with probabilistic fusion.
• Does not establish: A research publication is not a currently available submission endpoint or guaranteed factual correctness.

S47 HITS: hubs and authorities§

• Publisher: NetworkX
• URL: https://networkx.org/documentation/stable/reference/algorithms/generated/networkx.algorithms.link_analysis.hits_alg.hits.html
• Supports: Official implementation documentation for separate hub and authority scores on an input graph.
• Does not establish: Not an engine provided E-E-A-T score or evidence that this exact implementation runs in current Google Search.

S48 Jigs and Lures: Associating Web Queries with Strongly Typed Entities§

• Publisher: Microsoft Research
• URL: https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/publication/jigs-and-lures-associating-web-queries-with-strongly-typed-entities/
• Supports: Primary research using query to entity click graphs to model associations.
• Does not establish: An association does not establish identity or truth; experimental logs are not the user's available data or current production specification.

S49 Combating Web Spam with TrustRank§

• Publisher: Gyöngyi, Garcia Molina, and Pedersen / VLDB
• URL: https://www.vldb.org/conf/2004/RS15P3.PDF
• Supports: Historical primary research using expert reviewed seeds and link structure for spam detection; abstract and introductory graph model inspected.
• Does not establish: Does not establish current deployment in Google, a universal seed list, or permission to manufacture trust links.